You could try this 70$ Creative 70SB109500000 5.1 Channels 24-bit 96KHz USB Interface X-Fi Surround 5.1 Pro :
https://www.newegg.com/Product/Produ...82E16829102035
It has separate line-in and microphone, so you can set headphones output to a reasonable level, and then record at 24bit 48kHz in FLAC (lossless, good for archival or batch converting later to other formats)or opus or other formats.
A cheaper option that still has line-in and mic would be this
32$ StarTech ICUSBAUDIO7D 7.1 Channels 16-bit 48KHz USB Interface Audio Adapter External Sound Card :
https://www.newegg.com/Product/Produ...82E16829128010
Also has separate line-in and mic inputs. Just went through the (edit: datasheet of) C-Media CM6206 chip it's based on, and it'd decent, good value for the money.